John Forbes

(1707-1759)

Forbes (fforbes), John, army officer; born 5 September 1707 (o.s. Julian calendar) in Edinburgh, Scotland, son of Elizabeth Graham and posthumous son of Lieutenant-Colonel John Forbes of Pittencrief, Fifeshire; died unmarried 11 March 1759 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

John Forbes began his military career, after abandoning a medical one, by purchasing a cornet's commission in the Scots Greys, dated 16 July 1735. At the battle of Fontenoy (Belgium) in May 1745 he served as captain and aide-de-camp to Sir James Campbell, commander of the British cavalry. The same year he was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel in the army, and saw service in the suppression of the 1745 rising in Scotland, including action at Culloden. Again in Flanders, he served as aide-de-camp to Sir John Ligonier in the disastrous defeat at Laffeldt, 2 July 1747. The following year he became quartermaster-general on the Duke of Cumberland's own staff, and in 1750 was made lieutenant-colonel in the Scots Greys.

Forbes came to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the summer of 1757, as colonel of the 17th Regiment of Foot and adjutant-general to Lord Loudoun [John Campbell], in which capacity he supervised the arrest of Lord Charles Hay. Forbes was promoted brigadier-general 28 December, and the following March, probably on Ligonier's recommendation, was given his first independent command, the expedition against Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). This same assignment had lured a 2,500-man army under veteran Major-General Edward Braddock to disaster three years earlier.

Much of the spring and summer of 1758 Forbes spent in Philadelphia, gathering men and means for the expedition. Difficulties in obtaining colonial troops, supplies, and wagons, together with the onset of his own fatal illness, brought irritating delays. Intercolonial trade and land rivalries flared over the route: should Forbes follow Braddock's road, as favoured by the Virginians, or cut a new road west from Raystown (Bedford), Pennsylvania, as that colony urged? Distance, forage and supply considerations, and dangers of flooding at several points on Braddock's road led Forbes to choose the new road, and hold firmly to his decision. When finally gathered, his force consisted of about 5,000 colonial militia, 1,400 Montgomery's Highlanders, 400 Royal Americans, and 40 artillerymen.

Convinced that Braddock's supply system in 1755 had been so weak that a withdrawal would have been necessary even after victory, Forbes was determined to build a supply road marked by defensible stockades and forts no more than 40 miles [65km] apart. He claimed to have learned this strategy from Turpin de Crissé's Essai sur l'art de la guerre [see notes A and B below] but must have come to appreciate it from experience in Scotland and as quartermaster-general in Flanders. Forbes' fortified road was a clear and eminently successful application of the theory. His attack was not to be a raid but a permanent conquest, and, as the Virginians feared, the road proved to be an enduring route to the Ohio country from Pennsylvania.

Supervision of road construction and forward positions fell to the able Colonel Henry Bouquet, as Forbes' “bloody flux” continued. By September, when he reported that his health was improved, Forbes could travel only in a litter slung between two horses. Without his order, first contact was made with the defenders of Fort Duquesne on 14 September when an 800-man advance party under Major James Grant was defeated. For ten weeks this victory seemed to the French to have secured the fort, and the garrison under François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery was reduced for the winter.

Harassed by bad weather and the unending claims that Braddock's road would have been quicker, Forbes nevertheless made good use of time. Aside from Grant's adventure, no contact with Fort Duquesne was made until a conference between colonial officials and Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania, in October 1758, encouraged by Forbes, had won the neutrality of the Delawares, Shawnees, and Mingos. Although late autumn brought problems for the advancing English, it weakened the French by reducing cover for raiding parties and urging their remaining Indian allies to their winter hunting grounds. By out-waiting his opponents, Forbes achieved a bloodless conquest. On 24 November, when his force was within a day's march of the fort, the garrison blew it up and retreated. Forbes took possession of the smouldering site, which he renamed Pittsburgh, 193 miles [311 km] and five months from the beginning of his road, and five days before the expiry of service of his colonial troops.

In fortifying his road, Forbes intended it to be defensible against Indian and Canadian raiding parties, and the raids attempted the following winter all failed. The road was safe, and so were the frontier settlements that had been terrorized by incursions from Fort Duquesne since Braddock's defeat. The Indians of the upper Ohio had made their peace with the victors. Forbes' caution, thoroughness, and tenacity had succeeded; he had delivered the upper Ohio to British control.

Forbes returned to Philadelphia in January 1759, bearing visible evidence of the progress of his illness. He died on 11 March, aged 51, and the colony afforded him a funeral befitting one of their own heroes. He was buried in the chancel of Christ Church, Philadelphia.

— Ian Kenneth Steele, Professor of history,
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario

Note A: Count Turpin de Crissé (1709-1799)
Essai sur l'art de la guerre
(French edition published in Paris in 1754)
An Essay on the Art of War
(English translation published in London 1761)
"Both John Forbes and Henry Bouquet studied the work of Turpin de Crissé
in French before their campaign against Fort Duquesne in 1758, and
James Wolfe recommended Turpin's [Essai sur l'art de la guerre (Paris, 1754)]
and La Croix's [Traité de la Petite Guerre (Paris, 1752)] books as part of the
education of an aspiring officer as early as 1756...[In 1758] Forbes drew on
personal experience in Flanders, a staff analysis of Braddock's defeat, and
Turpin de Crissé's recent book on guerilla warfare to draw up a campaign
plan that was both thoroughly European and highly successful"
— Peter E. Russell, Redcoats in the Wilderness: British Officers and
Irregular Warfare in Europe and America, 1740 to 1760,
The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., v35 n4 (Oct. 1978) pp. 641, 646
   — Heritage Auction Galleries, Dallas, Texas
       Catalogue: 2008 February Grand Format Books & Manuscripts Auction
       http://historical.ha.com/common/auction/catalogprint.php

Note B:

Turpin de Crissé: Essai sur l'art de la guerre (Essay on the art of war)
...first appeared in French in 1754, then in 1761 in English translation.
It was written by Count Turpin de Crissé, who was a Colonel of light cavalry
at the time he composed his book and who later became a lieutenant general.
The two-volume work was translated by an English officer. Turpin de Crisse's
emphasis is on the interaction of intelligence with other operational functions,
with summary descriptions of specific intelligence techniques. This book
is the only work I have found so far that emphasizes the necessity of a
commander having explicit knowledge of the campaign area, and he uses
that principle as the unifying theme for his entire work...
— John Kenneth Rowland http://www.arrt-richmond.org/16.html

— Reference: John Forbes Wikipedia

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Source: Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
General John Forbes (the original article)
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